The Role of Negotiation in Conflict Resolution Essay examples

The role of negotiation in conflict resolution Introduction Conflict or disagreement over the range of issues has become inherent aspect of modern organisational life. People from different cultural and education background work in an organisation. People working in an organisation may possess different goal and interest. People working in organisation may tend to different over a range of issues including organisational politics, organisational procedure, personal preference or political preference. It is also argued that conflict is essential characteristics of organisational life. Role of manager is paramount with regard to negotiating the conflict that arises in organisational life (http://www.sagepub.com/). Often lack of†¦show more content†¦Five major styles of managing the conflict have been described below; a) Integrating; this style of conflict management is concerned with identification of joint problem, confrontation of attitude and proposing the possible solution for the conflict. This style of conflict management is more effective for solving complex issues. Additionally, this style of conflict management tends to be more effective in long run. However, this style of conflict management may not be effective in managing the conflicts that surface out of differing values of employees. b) Obliging; this style of conflict management focuses upon reducing the difference by addressing the common interest of employees. This style of conflict resolution can prove extremely beneficial for the organisation because it seeks to promote cooperation among the employees. However, this style of conflict management is neither effective in solving the real cause of problem nor suitable for escalating the problems. c) Dominating; this style of conflict management is more suitable for resolving the conflicts involving personal interest. Managers often obey dominating style in order to force employees to obey. Often management want to implement unpopular working solution. Sometimes management may be concerned of achieving desired outcome within a tight deadline. These scenarios may require adoption of dominating conflict management style. Interestingly, this style of conflict resolution does not requireShow MoreRelatedConflict Management And Resolution Can Be Approached Through1304 Words   |  6 PagesConflict management and resolution can be approached through numbers of ways that ramble from least to most threats. Legislation, political action or violent forces are common methods to avoid conflicts however talking with the dispute parties, negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and adjudication must be used in conflict resolution process. Conflict parties who cannot negotiate together efficient ly may hire mediator or negotiator to make easy negotiation procedure. Thus mediation is considered asRead MoreDispute Resolution Processes Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesDispute Resolution Processes Wherever there is a human-interaction, conflict is virtually unpreventable. For-instance, some conflict may well erupt a dispute in any structure of relationships, and other perhaps resulting in extremely compound international confrontation and hostility. It isnt that they cant see the solution. It is that they cant see the problem (G. K. Chesterton). Consequently, dispute resolution processes have been developed to manage and intervene in these types ofRead MoreEssay about Conflict Resolution Case Study1283 Words   |  6 PagesConflict Resolution Case Study Conflict is inescapable, having the ability to recognize, understand, and resolve conflicts are important in both personal and professional lives. Myatt (2012) states that conflict in the workplace is unavoidable; if left unresolved, workplace conflict may result in loss of productivity and the creation of barriers that can inhibit creativity, cooperation, and collaboration. It is vital to embrace conflict and address problems through effective conflict-resolutionRead MoreMediation, Conciliation and Arbitration in Conflict Management1405 Words   |  6 PagesCONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT Outline a. Introduction b. Definitions of conflict c. Conflict management d. Negotiation, Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration as in Conflict Management e. Recommendation f. Summary/Conclusion Introduction Conflict is a natural phenomenon in every human societal living. It exits whenever people or groups disagree over which goals or values to pursue and the method and timing to be adopted in that regard. Since conflict is inevitable, it must be properlyRead MoreThe Process Of Conflict Resolution1573 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The process of conflict transformation includes numerous types of practices and approaches. It is crucial for a conflict resolution practitioner to be able to self-assess the entire practice of intervention to get a clear notion of why the approach that has been used was successful or caused fail. Conflict interveners whose practices are well established on theories of conflict resolution and ongoing researches need to refine their assumptions and skills through an extensive processRead MoreConflict Resolution Was Created By Jeff Muir Essay895 Words   |  4 PagesSummary Conflict Resolution was created by Jeff Muir. The main idea revolves around the idea that conflict occurs when one needs something from another and is not receiving that need. The resolution of conflicts grows out of that idea, and involves three basic steps. The first step circles around clearly expressing the need. The next step is figuring out if that need can be met, or if it cannot. Step three is negotiation to see if the need can be met a different way, or management of conflict. If theRead MoreDispute Resolution : A Conflict Diagnosis Approach1690 Words   |  7 PagesDispute Resolutions Many people go to litigation for resolving disputes without knowing the alternatives that may possibly be more beneficial to them. The textbook, â€Å"Alternative Dispute Resolution: A Conflict Diagnosis Approach† is a great book that defines and explains the different types of dispute resolutions that can be used to settle a conflict. Some of the dispute resolutions discussed in the book are suitable for specific disputes. And the different type of dispute resolutions has differentRead MoreInternal And Dispute Resolution Procedures1157 Words   |  5 Pagesactivities to successfully develop business decisions. Different of interest, misunderstandings, etc. are usually common issues when dealing within international negotiations. In Lucid-Black Box case, is evident that exist several conflicts that could be addressed by using SCR practices such as finding sources of conflict and dispute resolution procedures. Proper solutions of how to deal with the current situation will be also provided giving some insights of how develop trust-based relationships. SummaryRead MoreDiscussion11485 Words   |  6 PagesDynamics of Conflict Resolution. Focus on emotional resolution. Review Chapter 8 in your course text, The Dynamics of Conflict Resolution, and pay particular attention to the approaches of negotiation (distributive, integrative, interest-based, and positional). Review the article, Address the concern, not the emotion. Note the emotions that arise from each concern. Review the article, DRT Interview: Roger Fisher and Daniel Shapiro on Negotiating, paying particular attention to the role of emotionRead MoreThe Impact Of Conflict Management On The Business World1388 Words   |  6 Pages The Role of IT in Conflict Management David McNamee Webster University Dr. Bold MNGMNT 5000 â€Æ' Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Early Development of Conflict Management 5-6 Conflict Management in the Business World 6-7 Nation to Nation Conflict Management 7 Summary 8 References Introduction Conflict Management has been in constant use since the beginning of time between all species, particularly humans. With the dawning of the internet and its increasing use throughout

Public Policy Making in Zimbabwe - 2115 Words

For the past ten years, Zimbabwe has been riddled with economic stagnation as well as being the subject of political instability, thus that been the reason why many companies and countries have turned a blind eye as concerns investing. Once known as the bread basket of Africa, Zimbabwe has the ability to rise up again especially with the internationally accepted new government of Unity were the two major political parties, ZANU PF and MDC have come together to work as one for the betterment of the country and to fulfil the needs of the people. There has been little to no investment in Zimbabwe as many pulled out during the past decade. Foreign investment is when a company invests financially in a country abroad, whether in the form of†¦show more content†¦Instead, numerous government policies were ill formed and passed. Some that totally nullifies the power of law and order and in some cases, human rights. Currency exchange is a crucial part of foreign trade, the government’s Conversion and Transfer Policies were uncertain and changed unexpectedly several times. This has put a constraint on business planning and operations and most companies would much rather not risk making great losses because of a sudden adverse change in policies. The government of Zimbabwe had been known to disregard any judgments passed against them by international arbitrators, making the country a place full of lawlessness, dangerous and too risky to invest in. For example in 2005 â€Å"a group of Dutch farmers whose farms were seized under the land reform program took their case to the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), demanding that the Zimbabwean government honour the BIPPA between the Netherlands and Zimbabwe.† Although the government â€Å"acknowledged that the farmers had been deprived of their land without payment of compensation† they disputed the US$30million claim by the farmers. A decision is yet to be reached. A policy amendment Constitutional Amendment 17, enacted in 2005, removed the right of landowners whose land had been acquired by the government to challenge the acquisition in court. To increase foreign investment the government’sShow MoreRelatedPublic Policy Making in Zimbabwe2124 Words   |  9 PagesFor the past ten years, Zimbabwe has been riddled with economic stagnation as well as being the subject of political instability, thus that been the reason  why many companies and countries have turned a blind eye as concerns investing. Once known as the bread basket of Africa, Zimbabwe has the ability to rise up again especially with the internationally accepted new government of Unity were the two major political parties, ZANU PF and MDC have come together to work as one for the betterment of theRead MoreRegional Planning And Regional Development Strategies1575 Words   |  7 Pagesarmoury of a developmental state in Zimbabwe if they are well planned for, implemented, well monitored as well as designed in the light of real world constraints and opportunities. World over, scholarly debates about regional development processes and policies have increasingly dominated particularly in the past few years. Regional planning scholars have defined development differently with Pike (2007) pointing out that development simply refers to policies that improve welfare and increase economicRead MoreZimbabwe s Economic Growth Of Zimbabwe Essay737 Words   |  3 PagesBetween 1980 and 1987, Zimbabwe experienced economic growth. In 1987, Zimbabwe experienced drought and foreign exchange crisis(Economy of Zimbabwe). Three years later in 1990, Zimbabwe launched World Bank s Economic Structural Adjustment Programme(ESAP). ESAP is a series of loans over a period of time, about 5 years, from IMF and World Bank. Countries who take loans must implement certain changes. In general, changes focus on making a country more market oriented, by implementing various privatizationRead MoreQuestions On Public Financial Management System Essay1461 Words   |  6 PagesDEPARTMENT: Accounting MODULE: Public Sector Accounting MODE OF ENTRY: Visiting LEVEL: 4.1 LECTURER: Ms Nyamwanza ASSIGNMENT â€Å"The civil service and government subscribe to a different code of ethics than the rest of us† Critically discuss this statement with reference to the Zimbabwean public financial management system. [25] The civil service is those branches of public service concerned with all government administrations outside the armed services. Public financial management is definedRead MoreIndustrial Democracy in Zimbabwe1733 Words   |  7 PagesSambureni further defines industrial democracy as ‘a process in which employees either directly or indirectly through their representatives, share equal power over the decision-making process which management normally reserves to itself’. Industrial democracy is also defined as ‘an arrangement which involves workers making decisions, sharing responsibility and authority in the workplace (www.wikipedia.org ).As can be deduced from the above definitions, the essential feature of industrial democracyRead MoreThe Differences Between Leadership And Management1699 Words   |  7 PagesKurt Lewin s framework is popular and useful, because it encourages managers to be less autocratic than they might instinctively be. Management Management is defined in three ways: ï  ¶ Management is the act or skills of controlling and making decisions about a business, department, establishment, etc. ï  ¶ Management are the people who make the decisions about a business, department, etc. ï  ¶ The act or a process of deciding how to use something, the basic tasks of management includes both marketingRead MoreWomen s Rights : The Law Profession1617 Words   |  7 Pagesthe sharing of power and decision-making at all levels in the legal profession, as one of the critical areas of concern for the empowerment of women (2). It stated, women’s equal participation in decision making is not only a demand for simple justice or democracy but can also be seen as a necessary condition for women’s interests to be takin to account. Without active participation of women and the incorporation of women’s perspective at all levels of decision-making, the goals of equality, developmentRead MorePolicy Models Or Frameworks.. The Assignment Seeks To Explore1523 Words   |  7 PagesPolicy Models or Frameworks. The assignment seeks to explore the Housing Legislation Amendment Bill/Policy issue and discuss about the present roles the New Zealand government is doing, recognizing relevant concepts and frameworks which are used clarify the roles for government in New Zealand and my country of origin. Furthermore, a dissimilar framework will be applied to the housing policy issue and its implications will be scrutinized for understanding the roles of the government and other stakeholdersRead MoreWays in Which Zimbabwe Has Tried to Address Gender Inequalities.1682 Words   |  7 Pages[pic] Faculty of Social Science Name : Sharron Surname : Mashave Reg # : R113505J Level: 2.1 Mode of Entry : Parallel Module : Gender Studies Lecturer: Mr. T. T. Mugodzwa Department : Politics and Public Management Question : a) Discuss four ways in which the education system in your country constructs the gender inequalities. [12] b) Suggest four ways in which the education system in your country can be made gender responsive. [8] a)Read MoreThe International Bank For Reconstruction And Development Essay1354 Words   |  6 PagesRECEIVED IT (ZIMBABWE) During the 1980s, Zimbabwe’s economic growth rate averaged about 4% a year. Its exports were increasingly manufactured goods, debts were regularly repaid, food security was attained, and education and health services were greatly expanded by major increases in government spending. Consequently, the infant mortality rate fell from 100 per 1,000 births to 50 between 1980 and 1988 and life expectancy increased from 56 to 64 years. Primary school enrollment doubled. Zimbabwe implemented

The Appalachian Trail Essay Example For Students

The Appalachian Trail Essay When I was in the seventh grade, our class went on a field trip to Cherokee, North Carolina. The trip lasted four days and three nights, but the adventure would last a lifetime. The experience allowed me to learn many things about myself and to reflect on the beauty that was all around me. We departed at six-thirty in the morning, and I was so excited. I had never been away on a school trip for longer than a few hours. I tossed my purple duffel bag into the storage compartment, found my seat by the window, and prepared for what I knew would surely be an unforgettable adventure. When we finally arrived in the mountains, it was breathtaking. They were covered with trees, and the clouds floating over them were so beautiful. I looked down and saw valleys of flowers that went on forever. I was so anxious to get off the bus and roll in the grass with the clear, blue sky above my head. The bus came to a halt, and one by one we filed out into a parking lot. We grabbed our canteens and began the one-mile trail to the top of one of the mountains. I was one of the first people to reach the peak, and waiting for us was a notebook. We opened it to find the names of everyone who has ever reached the peak. I smiled to myself as I wrote in big letters Kim Walton and started back down the mountain. It was much easier and faster than going up, and everyone was really excited to see where we were going next. When we arrived at the Best Western, everyone grabbed his/her suitcases, quickly tucking them into the rooms as the candy shop across the street drew us in like moths to a flame. Afterwards, we went back to our rooms, put on our bathing suits, and went for a late-night swim under the stars. It was so cold, but we did not mind it because we were having so much fun. Later we went back to our rooms and went to sleep. Our next day would surely be packed with action and adventure. The next morning, we went to Alpine Tower: a seventy-five feet high vertical structure that is designed to help you work with others and test your physical strength as well as your bravery, motivation, and problem-solving strategies. Equipped with helmets, harnesses, and ropes, we took our places around the tower and prepared for the first person to go up. When it finally got to my turn, I climbed onto a log and started to work my way to the top. When I finally reached the peak, I walked over to the edge and strapped myself to a rope. As I got closer to the side, I could see how high up I was, so I turned around backwards and did a backflip off the tower. Everyone screamed, but I was flying. Nothing was holding me  down; I felt so free. The rope kept swinging in every direction and finally came to a stop where I was helped down with a ladder. Later that day, our tour group decided to whitewater rafting. We suited up and carried the gear down to the river where four rafts were waiting for us. We were traveling down the Nantahala River, which winds through the valleys of the Appalachian Mountains. The water was calm at first, so our guide began telling us a story about the Cherokee Indians. Looking around us, we could see caves where the Indians hid during their escape from the Pilgrims. The journey is known as the Trail of Tears. My great grandmother is a Cherokee Indian, so I was interested in the stories that were being told. After the rafting expedition was over, we put on dry clothes and went back to the hotel for the night. .u2533cf1087df594e799b57d420ca4568 , .u2533cf1087df594e799b57d420ca4568 .postImageUrl , .u2533cf1087df594e799b57d420ca4568 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2533cf1087df594e799b57d420ca4568 , .u2533cf1087df594e799b57d420ca4568:hover , .u2533cf1087df594e799b57d420ca4568:visited , .u2533cf1087df594e799b57d420ca4568:active { border:0!important; } .u2533cf1087df594e799b57d420ca4568 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2533cf1087df594e799b57d420ca4568 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2533cf1087df594e799b57d420ca4568:active , .u2533cf1087df594e799b57d420ca4568:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2533cf1087df594e799b57d420ca4568 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2533cf1087df594e799b57d420ca4568 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2533cf1087df594e799b57d420ca4568 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2533cf1087df594e799b57d420ca4568 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2533cf1087df594e799b57d420ca4568:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2533cf1087df594e799b57d420ca4568 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2533cf1087df594e799b57d420ca4568 .u2533cf1087df594e799b57d420ca4568-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2533cf1087df594e799b57d420ca4568:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Remains of the Day - Dignity EssayOur group wanted to use the remainder of the trip wisely, so we rode to a diamond mine the next day to pan for gemstones. Before we sat down with the pans, my friend Sean and I rode the chairlift to the top of the mountain. We could see Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia all from one standpoint. On the way down, we took pictures of the mountain goats eating the grass. I settled down on a bench with a bucket of dirt and a straining pan in my hands. After hours of pouring and swishing, I gathered a nice collection of gems, including rubies, emeralds, sapphires, and amethysts. I woke up extra early the next day to pack my things up and to clean the hotel room. Everyone was sleepy, so we took short naps on the bus until we arrived at the Appalachian Trail. The hike was 8.3 miles long, so we had all day to spend taking pictures. I decided to use this time alone to think about the past three days. I looked down at the valleys of flowers and realized that I was standing in the clouds. I felt so close to God; it was amazing! After hours of climbing up and down the mountains, we finally reached the end of our trail. We returned to the bus and drove back to Myrtle Beach. I learned more about myself while I was in North Carolina. I discovered that whatever life throws at me, I will be prepared to face it head on. I realized that the things most important to me are Jesus and taking care of myself as well as caring for others. When something is holding me down, I learned that sometimes it is best to just turn around backwards and do a backflip away from my troubles. Only God knows what will happen to me, but I cannot be afraid of falling or else I will never know what it is like to fly.

Executive Summary Essay Thesis Example For Students

Executive Summary Essay Thesis In our business world we have to provide quality atmosphere service to our customers. The purpose for this introduction is to explain how we treat our internal and external customers in order to provide satisfaction. The base of this executive summary will be on where we work at with our current employer or former. The information collected for this executive summary will be on my last employer. My former employer was Eppies Restaurant. Mainly this small business was in Madera California. Now that we addressed the company, we now can adopt quality principles in theory for my former employer Eppies Restaurant. As I stated in the past, Eppies Restaurant has been open for several years until they closed recently. Since Eppies Restaurant is a food service industry, I can tell you from experience, that it can be very stressful for employees. We as managers must understand that not just people from the community is our customers, but also our employees are too, and business partners, suppliers etc. For example, we have owners (managers), waitress, busboys, dishwashers, cooks; these were the employees who worked at Eppies Restaurant. Employers have always have choices about how they want their business run, but today managers must be more user friendly. Since business runs a cycle one company relieves on other companies services, this would be an external customer. Eppies Restaurant had many external customers. For example, we had M D services they deliver meat and other products. Then we had Rainbow and they deliver bread. We also had a Towel Service they would wash our towels that we use to clean the restaurant. And finally the soda industry and dishwasher industry that supplies their product to any fast food companies. They all provide a service. Eppies Restaurant would buy an extra order for their product and in return they would get a discount. Finally we have our customers who buy our foods. The fast food industry can be very busy especially mothers day. We get anger customers because foods are brought late. The service is bad and seating customers has a big affect on our service to the community. The lesson learned steps in. This also applies for internal employees who work to provide the quality service. With lesson-learned aspect, we must provide employer-employee relationship. From the employer point of view, we can ask ourselves, how do employees feel about their jobs? Do they have any say how work is performed? Again this applies on the employees during their job. I recommend to improve the employee service is to have meeting twice a month to discuss issues, problems to solve or train employees who needs extra help. By introducing a quality approach, the employer can over see how their business and employees can create the customer satisfaction. Words/ Pages : 488 / 24

Death Of Ivan Illych Story Essays - House Of Romanov, Soviet Films

Death Of Ivan Illych Story The short story, "The Death of Ivan Ilych", written by Leo Tolstoy, is about the reactions of a man and his friends to his suffering and death. Everyone who knows Ivan including Ivan himself has led a life of total disconcern for the feelings and sufferings of others. They all lead shallow lives not daring to probe into the feelings deep down inside for fear of stepping outside the lines of propriety. That is the biggest rule that people of that society follow. Do not say or show what you are thinking. Ivan Ilych's attitude toward life is the same all the way up to his death. He was as the author put it, "...a capable, good-natured, and social man, though strict in the fulfillment of what he considered his duty: and he considered his duty to be what was so considered by those in authority." (p. 1088) That quote states that Ivan was solely concerned with his duties and his advancement in position by following the orders of his authorities. Ivan was son of a successful man who held many positions in many departments. That man, Ilya Epimovich Golovin, had three sons. The oldest followed his father's example and was a success. The youngest son was a total failure. He had blown many opportunities and was the shame of the family. Ivan the middle son was the better of the two. Ivan was a mix of his two brothers. He had the hard-working spirit of the older brother but also appreciates the value of a good time like the younger brother. Ivan's career grew steadily. In a short time, he eventually obtained the position of examining magistrate. Ivan did very well in this position. He excelled in the separation of the personal duties in his life and the official duties to which he was totally dedicated. This taste of power which came with his new position was very appealing to Ivan. The idea that writing a few words or giving a simple command sent people into motion made Ivan very happy. Upon moving to a new town to take up the position of examining magistrate, Ivan met his future wife, Praskovya Fedorovna Mikhel. Ivan saw her as a "...well connected, and was a sweet, pretty, and thoroughly correct young woman." The view that she was so within the lines of propriety was the most attractive feature which this young woman possessed in Ivan's view. At first the marriage which Ivan thought couldn't hurt his pleasure-seeking life didn't, then according to Ivan she began to disturb the pleasure and propriety of his life. This ordeal only worsened when his wife became pregnant. She became unbearable to him, overly jealous and coarse, becoming an obstacle to his pursuit of happiness and properness. When the child was born, Ivan realized that a life totally separate his family life would be necessary to fulfill the goals he set for himself. He also came to the realization that to keep his marriage in order that he was going to have to adopt the same attitude to his family that he has to his official duties. Ivan developed an attitude towards his family of complete indifference as stated in the story, "He only required of it those conveniences---dinner at home, housewife, and bed---which it could give him." (p. 1092) More children arrived and his wife's attitude only worsened. After three years and becoming a highly looked upon official he received a promotion to the position of Assistant Public Prosecutor. This new promotion made Ivan like his job even more. Meanwhile, more children were born which made Ivan's life even more difficult. After getting another promotion and moving to another province, the marriage was getting increasingly difficult. To try and overcome this Ivan decided to spend some time in the country with his wife. This move turns out to be a very bad one. Ivan falls into deep depression and decides that some drastic measures are needed. He returns from the country heading towards St. Petersburg with the objective of obtaining a salary of 5,000 rubles a year. Things worked out very much in his favor. He got a promotion two steps above his former position. After obtaining this position, he returned to the country and his marriage life improved immensely. Ivan then proceeded to the province to which they were moving to attempt to locate a house. He found one which suited his tastes perfectly. Ivan turned his attention towards furnishing his house. He searched for all the

Charles Darwin Student WebQuest

Charles Darwin Student WebQuest Learning about the life and work of scientist Charles Darwin can be more engaging with a lesson plan incorporating a WebQuest. Students can do their own research to learn more about the Father of Evolution by using these questions with the links provided. Charles Darwin WebQuest:    Directions:  Go to the webpages listed below and answer the following questions using the information on those pages.    Link #1:  Who Is Charles Darwin?  https://www.thoughtco.com/who-is-charles-darwin-1224477​    1.  When and where was Charles Darwin born?  What were his parents named and did he have any siblings?    2.  Briefly describe Darwin’s schooling and why he did not become a doctor.    3.  How did Darwin get selected to sail on the HMS Beagle?    4.  What year did Darwin first propose the Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection and who was his collaborator?      5.  What was the name of his most famous book, when was it published, and why was he so reluctant to publish it?    6.  When did Charles Darwin die and where is he buried?    Link #2: 5 Interesting Facts About Charles Darwin https://www.thoughtco.com/interesting-facts-about-charles-darwin-1224479​    1.  Who did Charles Darwin marry and how did he meet her?  How many children did they have?    2.  What TWO things did Charles Darwin have in common with Abraham Lincoln?    3.  How did Darwin influence the beginning of Psychology?    4.  What is the name of the book Darwin wrote that was influenced by Buddhism and how is it related to that religion?    Link #3:  People Who Influenced Charles Darwin https://www.thoughtco.com/people-who-influenced-charles-darwin-1224651​ (Note:  In this section, you may have to click on the links of the people’s names to get to their biographies to answer some of the following questions)    1.  Give the birth and death dates of Jean Baptiste Lamarck.    2.  What did Lamarck believe would happen to older, unused structures as new adaptations took over for them?    3.  Who influenced Darwin to come up with the idea of Natural Selection (also sometimes called â€Å"Survival of the Fittest†)?    4.  The Comte de Buffon was not a scientist.  What area was he most known for and what did he help discover?    5.  Alfred Russel Wallace contributed to the Theory of Evolution as well but is far less known outside scientific circles. Briefly describe Wallaces contributions.    6.  What relation was Erasmus Darwin to Charles Darwin and how did he influence Charles Darwin?    Link #4:  Darwin’s Finches  https://www.thoughtco.com/charles-darwins-finches-1224472​    1.  How long did it take the HMS Beagle to reach South America and how long did they stay there?    2.  Besides the finches, what two things did Darwin study while on the Galapagos Islands?    3.  What year did Darwin return to England and whom did he enlist to help him figure out the situation with the finches’ beaks?  (Name the man and his occupation.) Describe the man’s reaction and what he said about Darwin’s information.    4.  Relate why the finches had different beaks to the evolution of the species.  How did this new information compare to Jean Baptiste Lamarck’s ideas?    5.  What is the name of the book Darwin published about his trip to South America?

How Errors in Care Affect Healthcare Organizations Research Paper

How Errors in Care Affect Healthcare Organizations - Research Paper Example Healthcare organizations spend much money in defending themselves against the accusation placed on them by clients. It has a profound effect on the quality of care given to patients since they have to concentrate on the cases and to defend themselves from the accusations. Hence, it lowers the productivity of healthcare organizations. Errors may lead to the introduction of draconian laws that affect the provision of healthcare services to the public. For instance, the case of Darling v. Charleston Community Memorial Hospital led to the abolition of charitable immunity for hospitals in Illinois (Wiet, 2005). It also resulted in the elimination of "Hotel Defense" for hospitals to imply that hospitals treated patients, and they take liability for their medical staffs and nurses (Wiet, 2005). Moreover, the case created a personal liability exposure by defining the duties of directors, managers, and medical personnel (Wiet, 2005). Through this, the healthcare organizations may be afraid to conduct some treatments due to liability. This has adverse impacts on the provision of healthcare since the number of providers will reduce because of fear. Many studies conducted estimate that medical errors cost health care providers as well as nations with large sums amounting to over $ trillion (Andel, Davidow, Hollander & Moreno, 2012). Similarly, some of the preventable errors have an enormous impact and amount to over $ 17 billion yearly (Andel, Davidow, Hollander & Moreno, 2012). High economic losses are because of the errors that physicians make, and some of them are preventable. Because of all these, it is hard for healthcare organizations to progress since some of the cases taken to court prolong leading to loss of labor hours. In conclusion, the errors committed by health agencies have affected the institutions primarily. The case of Darling v. Charleston Community Memorial Hospital has transformed health institutions in terms of liability jurisprudence, and the trend will continue. Besides the adverse impacts associated with these cases, they also offer improvement in the delivery of healthcare services in the Republic, hence helping healthcare consumers. Â   Â   Â  

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 22

Case study - Essay Example r, it is a popular belief amongst experts from the industry that GE should bring change – change in people handling and change in the approach to work at GE. The million dollar question then arises: What is GE doing wrong despite such huge training investments and what area does it need to concentrate on to improve the current working attitude of its people. These questions can only be answered by exploring the approach that GE’s CEO Mr. Jeffrey R. Immelt has adopted to deal with his employees. G.E has a centralized organizational structure. The article mentions that executive recruiter Peter Crist says companies that once poached GE talent now look beyond it to alternatives such as Danaher (DHR), United Technologies (UTX), and even Tyco (TYC), which are viewed as "decentralized, sophisticated, and young." Jeff Immelt practices a democratic style of leadership and the leadership theory that he follows is a traits theory. The quote that best supports the approach says: ‘within GE, the talk is about the new traits leaders will need to thrive, a subject thats reviewed every five years. "We are working on 21st century attributes," explains Chief Learning Officer Susan Peters.’ The above quote shows that human traits are given more importance and Immelt strongly believes that there are some common traits shared by all leaders and that these can be learnt at the Crotonville Management Center. Moreover, the dinner weekends that Immelt organizes and the focus that he has started to give to his employees also support that he practices a democratic form of leadership. Immelt seems to be making both programmed and non programmed decisions as on one side he is only following the old and timed practices of GE’s human resource management, but on the other side he is experimenting with his new ideas of bonding with his employees. Instead of bringing out a change in how employees are trained he believes that what GE has been doing is in the best interest of its

Catecholase, Enzymatic Browning and Temperature Lab Report

Catecholase, Enzymatic Browning and Temperature - Lab Report Example The rate of enzyme reaction is affected by temperature, substrate concentration, pH, and presence of inhibitors and cofactors. The equilibrium model describes the effect of temperature on enzymes. In this model, enzymes lose activity at high temperatures and low and at low temperatures (Peterson, Daniel, Danson, & Eisenthal, 2007). The main hypothesis is to find out the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction and absorbance of enzyme catechol. To test the hypothesis, a solution of potato extract and deionized water was heated to four different temperatures and the rate of reaction and the absorbance was determined. It was found out that when the solution of the potato extract and deionized water and catechol was heated at room temperature, the measure of absorbance increased until at 40 Â °C. The absorbance value then reduced when the solution was heated at 60 Â °C to 100 Â °C. In enzymatic reactions, increase in temperature leads to increase in the rate of reaction due to the additional heat that increases random molecular movement. The activation energy of the reaction is thereby affected due to stress in the molecular bonds caused by the movement. From the findings, absorbance increased from room temperature to 40Â °C –the optimum temperature. Most enzymes have an optimum temperature between 35 Â °C and 40 Â °C. At room temperature, the hydrophobic interactions and the hydrogen bonds were not flexible enough to induce fit that was optimum for catalysis. At 60 Â °C, the forces are too weak to maintain the enzymes shape against the increased random movement of the atoms in the enzyme. At boiling temperatures the enzyme denatures and does not take part in chemical reactions effectively. This is in consistent with findings by (Daniel, et al., 2009) The main limitation for this experiment is that there was a delay of 10 seconds in pressing the button on the calorimeter. Therefore the total time used

History Of What Is Crime Criminology Essay

History Of What Is Crime Criminology Essay What is crime. Many people when asked this question assume its a common sense answer, something that is seemed wrong or illegal and results in punishment of some form. However there is no simple answer to this question. According to the Oxford dictionary crime is defined as an action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law, therefore in its simplest form crime is a punishable act of which breaks the rules of the law. However the concept of crime is surrounded by constantly changing ideas and perceptions of what constitutes criminal behaviour. Crime is always socially defined leading to competing views and extensive debate. In this essay I will be focusing on defining crime in terms of legal definitions and also defining crimes in terms of sociological definitions, which can be argued to be the main to focuses when attempting to answer this question. Blackburn (1993) defines crime as acts attracting legal punishment, [they] are offences against the community. Crimes result with consequences that are damaging in some way to the community or one of more people within it. These consequences can range from trivial to severe. Blackburn recognizes that crimes are, in theory, generally disapproved by the entire of society as they often involve violating moral rules held by those members of society, he also notes some of the difficulties and limitations of this way of defining crime. For example, personal opinion will impact the definition of crime. Not all crimes are disapproved by all people, e.g. speeding. This is a criminal act but does not have a wide-spread social disapproval. Secondly, whilst the vast majority of criminal acts such as murder violate societies moral rules, acts that are part of a bigger picture do not such as possession of a banned drug for personal use, these crimes can be termed victimless crimes. These crimes ar e illegal in the UK but there is not a clear understanding of which, if any, moral codes they violate. This leads me on to the question of whether crime, although its primarily defined by the law, is it not also based on social and cultural factors (social and cultural norms and values)? In our society it is the legal system that defines which acts are criminal and which are not. A crime cannot be committed unless the act violates the law. In the UK the legal system follows a tradition of a crime has not been committed unless there is a guilty act, an act that is voluntarily carried out with a guilty mind and an intention to commit the act. Therefore in theory if the act has not been intentionally chosen then it is not a crime. It can be argued that there is an assumption that criminal acts are systematically arranged in law; the law has been created, policed and enforced by the UK state. Crime in terms of the legal system is acts which break the law of the land, as demonstrated by the Oxford English Dictionary definition. The legal definition of crime is a very weighted argument, however many also argue that in order to define crime we rely on existing social and cultural norms which are accepted in society. The definition of crime is dependent on it as it effects our own interpretation of what crime is. Social and cultural factors are constantly evolving and changing. They are not static and this therefore makes them susceptible to changes which inevitably affect the definition of crime. For example, the 1604 Witchcraft Act. This law stated that those who had been accused of witchcraft were burnt at the stake if the cases were petty treason, however with the majority of cases resulting in hanging or a year in prison if the individual committed only a minor offence. This act was repealed in 1951 in Britain. However, a clear example of how social and cultural factors impact the law is the fact that in Africa, the witchcraft ban in Zimbabwe only ended in 2006. Therefore, on the one hand crimes are acts that break the law, and on the other, they are acts which can offend against a set of norms like a moral code, this is also known as the normative definition of crime. Cultures change and the political environment changes with that which means societies may criminalise or decriminalise certain behaviours. This will also have an impact on crime rates which will then also inevitably influence the general public opinion of crime. In the UK rape is a definite Invasion of our social norms, values and rights as an individual. Rape is not accepted in any case. However in South Africa a survey by CIET found that 60% of both boys and girls, aged 10 to 19 years old, thought it was not violent to force sex upon someone they knew, while around 11% of boys and 4% of girls admitted to forcing someone else to have sex with them. The study also found that 12.7% of the students believed in the virgin cleansing myth (an HIV/AIDS positive male believing that having sex with a virgin girl will cure him of his disease). In the culture these children have been socialised into, these are their own social norms and opinions that are accepted in their society, in the UK and in fact in the majority of other countries and cultures around the world this behaviour would be seen as illegal, horrific and completely wrong. A final impact on our norms and behaviour is religious traditions that may promote these norms. The may, in turn clash or fit with perceived interests of a state. Many socially accepted or even imposed religious morality has influences on issues that may otherwise only have concerned each individuals conscience. There are many activities that are sometimes criminalized on religious grounds, for example alcohol-consumption and abortion. However although these may be beliefs of certain religious followers, in societies where religion has less power and impact on the legal system both these acts are legal and widely accepted. So what a crime is depends on whether you view it from a legal or a normative perspective. There is no simple, fixed, objective definition of crime it is not a simple matter. Crimes are defined by societies and by culture and the time that we live in. For example, it would not have been a crime one hundred years ago to not pay your TV licence in the UK, because there was no TV. In Victorian pharmacies, cocaine was sold, but today this would be considered illegal in most countries. So what we view as a crime depends on how crime is viewed, time, particular society and the culture. Society is constantly evolving and changing along with social values, beliefs and norms. This process will inevitably have an impact on what constitutes a crime and how crime is in general defined. Although there are many problems with defining crime, this shouldnt overshadow the fact that the purpose of the law to reinforce the punishment of crime is clear, it is there to protect the public, this could in i tself contribute to defining crime.

Domus Aurea, Golden House Of N :: essays research papers fc

The Domus Aurea, Golden House of Nero In AD 64, Nero set fire to the city of Rome. The exact reasons he did it are not fully known. It is thought that he partly did for poetic or artistic purposes, or for the purpose of clearing away a city that had currently dissatisfied him. In its place however he did rebuild a better Rome, for the most part that is. A large portion, and arguably too large of a portion, was expropriated for the use of his own residence to be called the Domus Aurea. This is translated: The Golden House, and so, the residence is called: The Golden House of Nero. While the Domus Aurea had rather unjustified reasoning behind it, it is one of the greatest architectural achievements of the ancient world. Nero’s residence before his Golden House, was the Domus Transitoria. This was by now means any small living space. It was considered to be a mansion in itself. This palace linked to the Imperial Gardens of Maecenas on the Esquiline hill. It also spanned up the Velian slope beside the Forum (Grant 164). However this structure was not destroyed in the fire of 64. However it did clear out a valley behind it making room for Nero’s future house. Promptly after the fire construction was begun on Nero’s Golden House. It would continue until AD 68 (Wheeler 142). In fact the Domus Transitoria would soon become part of the new Domus Aurea. The architects of this great project were more engineers than they were architects. Their names were Severus and Celer (Picard 116). They were more like Italian bosses heading up a team of technicians who came to Rome in hordes due to their recent fire. However, these engineers main goal was to make the estate look bigger and be bigger without actually expanding. They accomplished by working on it from the inside out, utilizing paintings on walls that gave the impression of going on for infinity. It is an under statement to refer to these buildings as houses at all though. They were clearly much more than this, in even their smallest proportions. The Domus Aurea itself was a series of buildings and landscapes designed to give the impression of a vast park in a relatively small area for such a thing (Picard 116). The idea behind this was that you would create something more beautiful for the beholder if your creation was beautiful for how you used the earth.

Personal Philosophy of Mental Health Nursing Essay

Each individual has their own personal philosophy of mental health nursing. Throughout this paper there will be facts, and my personal thoughts. This is including the following topics; mental health, mental illness, continuum of mental health/mental illness, defense mechanisms, therapeutic tools, and self-awareness in the nurse. The words mental health placed together creates a definition of a person’s psychological and well-being of emotions. Each person’s definition may vary, but it boils down to the same raw meaning (Townsend, M. 2014). Mental health is evaluated at each doctor’s visit without the patient even knowing why the nurse or physician are asking certain questions. It is important to know in which state the patient’s emotions and mental health status is for their own safety. Mental illness can vary from mild to severe cases, and can differ per illness. Anxiety, mood disorders, psychotic, and anorexia disorders are just a few classified as mental illnesses. There are early signs of mental illness that one could detect early enough to delay or get a better control on the illness. Withdrawal from others, heightened senses, no desire to have activities with others, extreme beliefs, nervousness, and appetite changes can be early signs of an illness. Many times it is the people surrounding the individual that notices a difference in their behavior (American Psychiatric Association, 2014). Nobody will argue that mental health and mental illness are not closely related, they both talk about the persons mind, and the shape the mind is in. One can talk about mental health without mental illness being mentioned because everyone has mental health but not everyone has mental illness. Just the opposite for mental illness. It is not possible for one to say someone has a mental illness without stating their mental health status. Many people get these definitions confused. There are four phases of a therapeutic  nurse-patient relationship: pre-interaction phase, orientation/introductory period, working, and termination phase (Townsend, M. 2014). Rapport, empathy, trust, and respect and requirements for a productive therapeutic nursing-patient relationship. The nurse should build rapport and trust with the patient so they will feel comfortable with the nurse and be more likely to open up. The nurse can use many different communication techniques such as recognition, making observations, focusing, voicing doubt, and exploring just to name a few of the many therapeutic techniques. The nurse should avoid giving advice, probing, defending, or interpreting for the patient, this may cause the patient to shut down and all trust is gone (Bischko, D. 1998). In everyday life we use a wide variety of defense mechanisms to protect our feelings, deflect unwanted situations, and hide our inner thoughts and feelings. Suppression may be felt when one is voluntarily denying unwanted feelings such as losing one’s job and not caring if the bills will be paid. Displacement is when a person’s unwanted feelings are targeted toward a person, situation or object; if a person is upset they may take their anger out on an object and feel better once it is destroyed. Dissociation, idealization, splitting, projection, and denial are also common forms of defense mechanisms (Sommer, S., Johnson, J. 2013). Adaptation is when one can adapt to a situation over time and maladaptation is when adjustment to the situation is not adequate or appropriate. When someone’s mind is not in the best mental health, they may have issues with adaptation to situations or changes. A person with a healthy mind may have some issues coping with certain situations, and it could be assumed that one with a mental illness would have higher difficulty coping (Rippetow, P., Rogers, R. 2012). The nurse-patient relationship should be an interpersonal ongoing relationship to assist the patient in a continuous healing and growing, healthy life. It is the nurse’s duty to help and guide the patient in recovering and be at their highest potential. Nurses must use therapeutic techniques and approaches to influence the patient and keep a healthy  relationship (Therapeutic Communication, 2013). Nurses must have their own philosophy of nursing and know their own beliefs and know not to push their own beliefs of a patient. The nurse must be self-aware when dealing with any patient, especially one with a mental illness. These patients do not always understand personal boundaries and the nurse needs to make sure these boundaries and rules are followed. The nurse needs to know what a patients actions mean even if they are minuet and may not seem like much (Bischko, D. 1998). My idea of mental health is in which what state the person’s emotions, thoughts, and how it affects daily functions. Mental health is how one thinks, processes information and the actions in daily life. Anxiety, and stress are two major factors in everyday life and can affect ones mental health (Townsend, M. 2014). It is how each individual handles the stress of everyday life that can determines their mental health. I consider the individual feeling confident, comfortable in their own skin, hard workers, and ones who socialize are qualities that attribute to mental health. Respecting others and understanding that each person has their own mind and the right to make their own decisions is not always easy to deal with but it is a quality that one will need to survive in life. Self-respect, dealing with the disappointments in life, trusting others, and take responsibility are also important qualities. Mental illness is not different than any other illness or disease. It affects the body and makes it mandatory for medication to treat and if it goes untreated, it can cause damage to the body. Mental illness is not being able to handle everyday life such as stress, and can lead to anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and depression. This illness can be treated by medication and therapy to help the patient cope and teach them how to handle and work through their issues (Townsend, M. 2014). When someone has a mental illness it is not easy for them to work through  even then smallest issues. The patient may resort to cutting their arms or any place on their body, take drugs, or drink alcohol. Sexual, mental, or physical abuse when someone was young could cause problems later in life and can affect their mental health and cause them to develop a mental illness (Townsend, M. 2014). Many people go undiagnosed with mental illness, it is more commonly treated now than it was a few years ago. Every person goes through a mental health continuum, it just depends on the mental health status on how the individual handles the situation. Each person can and will have issues in their life with difficulties but are able to manage the stress that comes along with it. Many people make jokes that they cannot handle their life and they are going crazy but this usually only lasts a short amount of time. Ones with a mental illness do not have short term stress, it is long term and they need outside help to handle the situation (Rippetow, P., Rogers, R. 2012). Freud talks about how childhood trauma, development, sexuality, talking therapy, and medication can affect ones mental health. Freud explains that when a child is sexually abused it can cause the child developmental issues. It leaves the child unable to cope with the guilt and shame, also it leaves the child angry and they may develop trust issues. Freud uses oral, anal, phallic, latency, and adolescent sexuality of phases of development. The individual must reach each phase and pass through the phase to grow and develop (Townsend, M. 2014). At one point and time, it was not acceptable for woman to have sexual thoughts or feelings. They were not allowed to express these feelings, and this could cause anxiety for the women. Freud believed that if the patient could talk to someone they were able to handle the anxiety and stress in their life better. The therapist would listen and help the individual move past their trauma that occurred in childhood. Medication has played a huge role in mental health over the years. Freud had predicted that one day medicine would be discovered, and would help individuals with a mental illness. Many medications have now been discovered to help people whom suffer with mental illness. Medications are able to help these persons to get back to their normal daily life (Seven Counties Services, 2014). Nurses knowing and learning from Freud allows a better  nurse-patient relationship. It allows the nurse to understand why a patient may feel the way they do and the nurse can better help the patient return to their life. A therapeutic model that I believe would impact me during my practice as a mental health nurse would be Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The top priority is the physiological needs of the patient, meaning the basic needs of life. Water, air, food, sleep, excretion, homeostasis and sex are the basic needs of life. When caring for any patient the nurse needs to make sure the patient has these basic needs of water, food, and air. Safety is making sure the patient is safe and secure. To the patient this could be security of their job, family, and health. Every individual needs that feeling of love and belonging by friends, family, and sexual intimacy. Self-esteem and confidence are very important but not as important as body homeostasis. The last level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is self-actualization such as morality, problem solving, and creativity. These are important to the patient but the least important for the nurse when caring for the patient (Townsend, M. 2014). The nurse needs to acquire a healthy nurse-patient relationship to help guide the patient to grow and heal. The nurse needs to build rapport, trust and empathy with each individual patient. The nurse needs to realize that each patient is different and not every patient requires the same techniques. The nurse needs to be open-minded and respect the patient’s morals, culture, religion, and beliefs. From creating a secure nurse-patient relationship the nurse will accomplish a better recovery for the patient and a better plan of care (Therapeutic Communication 2013). References American Psychiatric Association, (2014). Warning Signs of Mental Illness. Retrieved September 21, 2014, from www.psychiatry.org Bischko, D. (1998). The art of nursing: the client-nurse relationship as a therapeutic tool. Olympia, Washington. Retrieved September 19, 2014, from www.pubmed.gov Rippetow, P., Rogers, R. (2012). Effects of components of protection-motivation theory on adaptive and maladaptive coping with a health threat. Retrieved September 21, 2014, from www.psycnet.apa.org Seven Counties Services, 2014. Hope Happens Here: Mental Health in Older Adults. Retrieved September 21, 2014 from www.sevencounties.org Sommer, S., Johnson, J., Roberts, K., Redding, S. (2013). RN Mental Health Nursing-Foundations for Mental Health Nursing: Stress and Defense Mechanisms. P 29-32. Therapeutic Communication in Psychiatric Nursing. (2013). Retrieved September 21, 2014, from www.nursingplanet.com Townsend, M. (2014). Essentials of psychiatric mental health nursing: concepts of care in evidence-based practice. P. 3, 17-19. Philadelphia, PA.

Genetics2 essays

Genetics2 essays Genetics should be used to improve humans. Genetic alterations would be the most important thing to humans. If you genetically alter a retarded person, you could make them normal. It would cost a lot of money to be genetically altered, but the parents would gladly pay any price to see their child as an acceptable member of society. If you genetically altered a man to be smart when he was an embryo, he could end up inventing a time machine that could change the course of the world. He could end up creating a cure for cancer or AIDS or some other deadly disease. A drawback to that would be that he could take over the world and conquer all with his knowledge. Gene alterations can have very good results. They can prevent diseases like Down syndrome. They can "redesign" defective organisms, prevent heart problems, and prevent people from being deformed. Gene alterations can also change a person from being a boy or a girl when they are embryos. They can determine if someone is handsome or ugly, tall or short, heavy or thin, and even shoe size. These are all of the reasons that I think genetic alterations should be used to improve humans. After reading or skimming through this essay, you should be able to state your own feelings about genetic alterations. Do you think that genetic alterations should be used to improve humans? ...

Portugal essays

Portugal essays Mediterranean Europe consists of four countries; Spain, Portugal, Greece, and Italy. I have chosen to write on Portugal. I will thoroughly explain the following topics. Where Portugal is located, and the type of physical place it is. How the Portuguese people interact with their environment. Also, the movement of people, goods, religion, etc, in Portugal. Lastly, the types of regions that is located in Portugal. Portugal is located on the western portion of the Iberian Peninsula, in Mediterranean Europe. Its capitol is Lisbon. The absolute location of Portugal is 39N to 30N and 8W to 00W. Portugal shares the Iberian Peninsula with Spain. Therefore, the only country bordering Portugal is Spain. Portugal's population is 10,066,253 people. Their population growth rate is .18%. Which means roughly 20,000 new people join the country each year. The time difference between Portugal and Chicago, Illinois is six hours. The cost of a one-way coach ticket from Chicago, Illinois to Lisbon, Portugal would be $514. I would use American Airlines, because it is the cheapest and the most dependable airline. It would take approximately nine hours to travel from Chicago, Illinois, to Lisbon, Portugal. When we travel we would pass over the following states and bodies of water in order; Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and the Atlantic Ocean. Those are just a few characteristics of where P ortugal is located. Next, is a description of the type of place Portugal is. Portugal's climate is divided into two different areas. In the north it is a mild rainy climate, and in the south it is much warmer and drier. Portugal is made up of mostly plateaus and plains. It is mountainous North of the tagus river, and flat with rolling plains in the south. There are three major rivers running through Portugal; Tagus, Douro, and Guadiana. The people of Portugal are mostly Roman Catholic. Over 96% of Portugal's ...

Explain the general concepts of proto-oncogenes and oncogenes and Essay

Explain the general concepts of proto-oncogenes and oncogenes and further describe different types of changes that underpin activation of proto-oncogenes - Essay Example Tumor suppressors and proto-oncogenes act in the same way as the brakes and accelerator in a vehicle respectively. Controlled growth of cells is maintained through the regulative activity of tumor suppressors that slow growth of cells and proto-oncogenes that accelerate cell growth (Hanahan & Weinberg 2011, p. 650). Uncontrolled cell growth will occur when proto-oncogenes mutate to form oncogenes and accelerate growth of cells or if tumor suppressors mutate to prevent growth inhibition. Proto-oncogenes in normal cells are responsible for the production of proteins that stimulate division of the cell through signals to the nucleus. The proteins involved in this signaling process, act through the signal transduction pathway or cascade that is made up of a series of steps (Bock & Marsh 2010, p. 32). The pathway is inclusive of a membrane receptor that binds the signal molecule, cytoplasmic proteins that convey the signal, and transcription factors that activate the cell division-related genes in the nucleus. Each of the cascade’s steps has a protein or factor that activates another, although some of these factors have the ability to activate more than one cellular protein. Oncogenes, on the other hand, are altered proto-oncogenes that are involved in coding for the molecules in signaling. They continuously activate the signaling pathway, which results in heightened factor or protein production, especially those involved in the stimulation of growth (Schwab 2013 , p. 21). For example, the MYC proto-oncogene codes for transcription factors and is converted to an oncogenes that is related to over two thirds of all cancers. Ras, on the other hand, is an oncogene that acts as a switch in the pathways and mutations cause the pathway to remain in the on mode and causes uncontrolled growth of cells. In order for a proto-oncogene to be converted to an oncogene, its original function is modified through any of three basic activation methods. The first activation method

STP Analysis, Instacart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

STP Analysis, Instacart - Essay Example These are different market segments with different needs. For schools Instacart provides a combination of high quality and affordable groceries. On the other hand, for the light commercial customers, Instacart offers a variety of comprehensive groceries with extraordinary convenience. Instacart relentlessly focuses on its quality and customer experience. In doing this, Instacart offers its customers low prices, wide selection and convenience products and brands. Achieving repeat purchases and customer loyalty remains the key aspects to Instacart success. Instacart communicates fulfillment of its promises including the delivery of date estimates, options for expedited delivery, update facilities, delivery shipment notifications and presentation of latest inventory through availability of information (Cheng 32). Instacart provides quality, timely customer service, fast and reliable fulfillment, and trusted transaction environment. It also features rich in nutrients products and repeated customer purchases systems. Large retailers, physical retailers, vendors, manufacturers and distributors of alternative products most of which tend to possess sales volumes, significant grocery awareness. Some competitors who sell the franchise products through direct marketing, mail order and the internet The primary competitive factor in Instacart is its market segments that include quality and fresh products, convenience, selection, availability, price, personalized services, brand recognition, discovery, information, speed of fulfillment and customer service (Manjoo). Other competitive factors include: reliability, trust in transactions and having the ability to adapt changing markets conditions. For products offered to individual and business sellers, additional competitive factors in this case includes their ability to generate sales especially for third parties in which Instacart serves,

Discrimination in the Workforce Problem-Resolution Essay

Discrimination in the Workforce Problem-Resolution - Essay Example Now let us see what may be the goal to be formulated by the leader to achieve a better result where the problem of discrimination arises. AIM/GOAL The best way to combat workplace discrimination is to prevent it from happening in the first place. So the first and foremost aim or goal should be always ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. Henry Kissinger US diplomat & scholar; national security advisor 1969-1975; Secretary of State 1973-1977; Nobel Prize in Peace 1973 3Solution for the discrimination of the workforce revolving around the elimination of the so called discrimination of work force in the workplace. OBJECTIVE It is vital for any organization to formulate the objectives to attain the above said goals.The desired objectives should be, 1. To achieve a change in someone's life and to improve their life opportunities, 2. To keep an accelerate quality of life for someone as long as possible in the face of infirmity and adversity, 3. To keep people safe from harm and harming themselves to others. (2) To achieve these objectives which are aim to eradicate the discrimination of workforce in the workplace some strategies must be brought in. STRATEGIES 1. To educate and make the leaders and the workers aware of their rights and...But the employer or leader is the sole and prime body to prevent such inactivity right before the outburst of the crisis for the well being of his dependents and also for the benefit of the company. As Henry Kissinger (1) the task of the leader is to get his people from where they are to where they have not been. So for a leader it is import display varied leadership styles according to the demands of the diverse situations. To prevent the problems like discrimination of workforce and safe guard the interest of the employees the leader has to acquire the tactics like vision, strategy, communication, buy-in, motivation, empowerment etc. Besides he has to plan an overall goal to achieve the thriving end and also he must have precise objectives to gain this goal. Now let us see what may be the goal to be formulated by the leader to achieve a better result where the problem of discrimination arises. 3. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC),(2004) in Annual Federal Sector EXCEL Program for Government Employees, Managers, and Union Officials from August 30 to September 2, 2004 in Las Vegas, Nevada. disability. A strong prevention program helps employers comply with the law and breaks down barriers to employment opportunities.

History of design Essay Example for Free

History of design Essay The design history is commonly defined as the study of the objects in their stylish and historical context. This includes social, economical, technical, Cultural and aesthetic. The history of design has in it the study of all designed objects including the fashions, interiors, graphics designs, industrial and product design. The history of design has to incorporate the heroic criticism of its discipline in material culture establishment. History of design has played a major role in understanding the forma used methods of doing work until the discovery and innovations of machines in the 19th and 20th century. The role of machine in 19th and 20th century Machine is the most defining entity in the 19th and 20th century. Its entrance in the turn of the centuries was significance to the modern age and was facilitated by energy and its productivity. The innovation of the machines contributed to many changes including the shifting of people from the rural areas to the urban areas. This made people see the world in different perspective and felt as if everything was possible. The innovation of the machine had an effect to the labor practices. The aspect on which the work was being done changed, machines was viewed a savior as it would do more work at a shorter time compared to human and animals. The cultivation and tilling of land was made easy as machines would different types of work under control of one person and hence increased production. The labor practices on the other hand had some negative impact in the innovation of machines. The work that several people would be hired to do, would be done by one machine therefore contributing to the losing of jobs. (Dee, 2005) Industrial design can be defined as an applied art where aesthetic of large quantity of produced products can be improved for marketing. The industrial designer role is creating and executing design and solutions for problems of form, engineering, brand development, usability, sales and user ergonomics. The introduction of machine in the industrial design enables the given firm a chance to have mass production of products. In the 19th and 20 nth century, the introduction of machines enabled the crafts firms have more production therefore increasing profit margins. With the introduction of machines, some countries were able to put themselves in a competitive footing with other countries that had the same level of innovation. (Arthur, 1988) According to the Carma Gorman, an industrial design reader, logo has a shouting power to market the industry. The industrial designer should take into consideration the distinctiveness of the company in the market which may be determined by the designed logo. As the work of the designer is to create all the solutions that would ensure the industry has a competitive footage with others of the same field. Gorman, 2003) Innovation of machines increased efficiency in doing work. Much work could be done with the innovation of machine and be completed in a shorter time compared to work done manual. Due to high power production by the machine, some of the hard task could be done that could have otherwise required some people to accomplish. Besides doing difficult tasks, machine would do more work effectively compared to human or man power. Due to effectiveness of the machines, it was easy to predict how much work would be done and how much time would be taken to accomplish the task. Ornament is decoration detail that is mostly used to decorate or beautify part of a building or the interior furnishing. As this is done on various surfaces ranging from soft to hard surfaces like on stones, wood, metal, clay and plaster, it would require a machine to this king of work. Before the innovation of machines, this was done by hand which consumed much time and energy. The introduction of machines helped in making more complex designs on clothes, ceramics, furnishers, metalwork and on clay. (John, 1963) Machines have strengthened the cultural identity and have increased our standard of living by creating wealth in the economy. In the hierarchy of designs have gone to an extent of explaining how helpful machines are to our modern life. There has been a continued development and need for the machines to do the most complex work that cannot be done without the help of the machine. (Baker, 2007), Conclusions The innovation of machines has helped in the formation new tread of performing different duties. It was through the introduction of machine more complex work was done in a short time. This helped in improving on efficiency and increase in the quantity production.

An Analysis of Paul Laurence Dunbars We Wear the Mask :: We Wear the Mask Essays

An Analysis of Paul Laurence Dunbar's We Wear the Mask It has been said many time that "You can't judge a book by its cover" and "Don't judge a man until you have walked a mile in his shoes"? A person may appear one way on the outside but may be feeling the total opposite on the inside. He may be masking his true emotions with a false appearance. In "We Wear the Mask" it seems that Paul Laurence Dunbar is conveying this message to his audience. The African-American slaves of the early United States are prime examples of how emotions can be repressed. This group of people was treated with such disrespect and humiliation that it is understandable why they would mask their true thoughts and their emotions. To make their daily lives easier, they spoke and acted the ways that their white owners dictated. Their lives had, to a point, been taken away from them. But, there were some things that could never be taken away from them: their inner strength and their spirituality. No matter how a slave was treated, how hard he had to work, or how little he had, hedid have total control of his own thoughts and beliefs. Those things could never be taken from him. This poem cries out with the hurt that African-Americans, throughout history, suffered with. To be able to endure this daily persecution, these people had to draw on their inner strength. When Dunbar wrote,"With torn and bleeding hearts we smile," it is obvious of the agony felt and of how a smile is sometimes worn in order to camouflage one's true emotions. A deep, religious faith was a saving grace to these people as a whole. One's spirituality can carry them through even the most dreadful situations. This idea is evident when Dunbar penned the lines, "we smile,but, O great Christ, our cries To thee from tortured souls arise." When all else had failed, slaves could pray and feel that God had heard them. At last, their cries would be heard, their prayers answered, andtheir hearts relieved. We all have hide our emotions at one time or another. We put on false faces and pretend for many different reasons. We all lie, in one form or another, be it a big lie or a little white one. Whether it be to save our self or the feelings of another we should all remember the Golden Rule: "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you (Luke 6:31).

Essay on Identity in Huckleberry Finn -- Adventures Huckleberry Huck F

The Development of Identity in Huckleberry Finn In the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry , by Mark Twain, the main character enters into a transitional period of his life. This character, Huck Finn, faces many situations in which he is forced to deal with decisions that foster with in them the ability to bring about change. Since transition is the process of entering change, Huck is searching for an identity which is truly his own. In determining his self image, Huck deals with conformity and freedom, trying on different identities that do not belong to him, and enveloping and shaping these new found attributes into an identity which best suits his "deformed conscience." The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn begins with Huck under the care of Widow Douglas. Since Huck is so used to being unencumbered, "He sees the widow Douglas' protection solely in terms of confinement"(WHIT 156). This is unacceptable to Huck because he, "loses his freedom amid 'the bars and shackles of civilization"(WHIT 156). According to Susan Harris, "the sensory world exists beyond the narrow conventions of the human community and it is the place for the regeneration of the soul"(78). To put it in simpler terms Huck belongs out under the stars where he will not be bound by the community. The next impedance in which Huck is faced with is the untimely return of his drunkard father. His father was merely stopping through to steal money from his son. So since he did not care for his son much, Pap did not feel the least bit inclined to treat his son with any respect. So Huck once again faces confinement, except this time it is in a log cabin. This time, "the only release is escape, flight and effacement of the identity through which bot... ...s own, and enveloping and forming these new found attributes in to a an identity which best suits his "deformed conscience." III Body Huck versus Conformity-Freedom * 1.Huck's stay with Widow Douglas * 2.The flight from Pap * 3.The Raft Trying on Different Identities * 1.Huck's "Death" * 2.The beginning of Huck's quest for himself * 3.Other examples of characters from the novel Deformed Conscience(Good vs. Bad) * 1.Huck's religion * 2.Huck and Jim * 3.Huck needs a family IV Conclusion Huck encounters various situations in which he learns to adapt and react to each situation in a way he feels suitable. Through these experiences Huck learns and overcomes boundaries. Huck combines his learned knowledge into an identity which suits him and thus creates a conscience with which he is comfortable.

Air Transportation history

Since the invention of air planes few decades ago, air travelling has become famous among travellers. When the air transportation was first introduced in 1903 by the Wright Brothers, many people could not travel using it because it was expensive. But after few decades, technology has improved and air transportation is being widely used all around the world. Most of the countries has built airports and has their own airline companies. Today, due to rivalry among airline companies air travelling has become much cheaper.As a result, cheap air travelling has advantages and disadvantages for us, our country and to the world. Firstly, the main benefit of cheap air travel is that it is cheap. So it allows all the people to travel around the world. Those days only the rich people could use air travelling, but now even the ordinary people also can use it to travel, pursue their studies, do business, and go for a vacation. It is not surprising that most people wish to travel to distant land, a country far away but travelling cost lots of money.So the people need to reconsider their travel plans since flight rates are way too high back then. Today, due to competition among airline companies, they are offering cheap flight rates that consumers like us could afford. It also helps maintain long distance relationship. Before the IT technology is developed, air transportation is the only option people who live on the other end the world keep in touch with their loved ones. Although cheap air travel allows everybody to travel, air planes causes air pollution and sound pollution.Since air planes burns hydrocarbon fuel, it releases greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides. The greenhouse gases causes global warming and the effects of global warming is polar ice caps melting, increased probability and intensity of droughts and heat waves, warmer waters and more hurricanes, spread of diseases and economic consequences. Air planes also causes sound pollution which effects hearing impairment, hypertension, heart diseases and annoyance sleep disturbance.Furthermore, the chances of surviving when a plane crash is lower than any other transportation. In addition, most of the airports are build outside of the city,so once the people get off the plane, they still need to travel to reach the city. Finally, cheap air travel also saves time. Long ago people travel using horses, camels, elephants, boats and ships but it takes days to reach a place. Now, air travel helps us to reach a far place or country just in hours. Besides that, air transportation enerates almost 32 million jobs annually and contributes almost 7. 5 percents of the world’s GDP which is a huge profit. Moreover, air transportation is the fastest worldwide transport system which is one the key factor of economic growth. In conclusion, cheap air travel saves time and money for the people and increases the economic growth in our country although it causes air pollution. So, the g overnment should some solution to neutralise the greenhouse gases released by planes which causes global housewarming.

Guestimate The line and the angle Essay Example

Guestimate The line and the angle Essay Example Guestimate The line and the angle Essay Guestimate The line and the angle Essay Essay Topic: The Guest 1- I predict that if people are good at guessing the length of a line they will be good at guessing the degrees of an angle. 2- I predict that the higher the schooling year the better the estimate. Target population I have decided to investigate within the schooling ages of 7 and 9 firstly because these are easily available to collect due to having timetables and knowing where all the students will be when needed to guestimate. Another reason for picking students between these ages is that it is a big enough variety to draw conclusions from, and decide whether the amount of school really does improve the ability to guess the size of a line or angle. I will not be asking every year group as this will take up too much time and will not be necessary. I will be asking years 7, 9 and 11 this gives a big enough range of the amount of school experienced without asking every year. : Study Population I have chosen to get a list of the students in years 7, 9 and 11 and then ask every fourth person on the list this will the give a quarter of each year being asked which is enough to draw conclusions from. I am not going to ask everyone in the three selected years because this would take to long and it is not compulsory to get the information I need. Aims I will prove my hypothesis true or false by asking the selected people to guess the length of a line or size of an angle and then find the mean median mode for each year and draw graphs. I will also draw a graph relating their guess of the size of an angle to their guess of the length of a line. To gain fairly accurate results we will not let the pupils take the sheets away whilst guessing we will stay with them so there is no chance of using a rule or protractor. Possible things that may go wrong is that after we have asked one person they may go back and explain to the other people their opinion of the sizes that may give bias results to prevent this we will not tell them the actual answer. Results Year 7 Estimate of line Estimate (cms) 2 4? 4 6 ? 6 8 ? 8 10 ? 10 12 ? 12 14 ? 14 16 ? 16 18 ? 18 20 ? Totals Frequency 17 15 6 5 1 2 46 Mid-interval value 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Frequency x mid-interval value 51 75 42 45 11 0 0 0 38 262 Mean = 262/46 = 5.70 Modal group = 2 4? Median is approximately 5cms Estimate (?) 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 90 90 100 Totals Frequency 3 10 12 12 1 1 2 4 1 46 Mid-interval value 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 Frequency x mid-interval value 45 250 420 540 55 65 150 340 95 1960 Range = 2-20 = 18 Estimate of angle Mean = 1960/46 = 42.61 Modal group = 30 50? Median is approximately 38? Range = 10-100 = 90 Year 9 Estimate of line Estimate 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 16 16 18 18 20 Totals Frequency 6 23 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 40 Mid-interval value 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Frequency x mid-interval value 18 115 42 45 0 0 0 0 0 220 Mean = 220/40 = 5.50 Modal group = 4 6? Median is approximately 5cms Range = 2 10 =8 Estimate of angle Estimate 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 90 90 100 Totals Frequency 0 3 10 23 1 1 0 0 2 40 Mid-interval value 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 Frequency x mid-interval value 0 75 350 1035 55 65 0 0 190 1770 Mean = 1770/40 = 44.25 Modal group = 40 50? Median is approximately 43? Range = 20 100 =80 Year 11 Estimate of line Estimate 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 16 16 18 18 20 Totals Frequency 3 29 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 Mid-interval value 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Frequency x mid-interval value 9 145 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 168 Mean = 168/34 = 4.94 Modal group = 4 6? Median is approximately 4.5cms Range = 2-8 = 6 Estimate of angle Estimate 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 90 90 100 Totals Frequency 0 6 11 16 1 0 0 0 0 34 Mid-interval value 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 Frequency x mid-interval value 0 150 385 720 55 0 0 0 0 1310 Mean = 1310/34 = 38.53 Modal group = 40 50? Median is approximately 40? Range = 20 60 = 40 To find if my first hypothesis is true I will draw a scatter graph of all the estimates of year 7. 9 and 11 students. I will have boundaries on the graph, from 3 6cms this will be classed as a good estimate of the line, 30 45? this will be a good estimate of the angle. I will shade these areas to investigate if students who are good at estimating the line are good at estimating the angle. I drew Cumulative frequency graphs of the results above this will show how consistent the estimates were. I will see how close to the actual the median is, and the smaller the inter-quartile range the more consistent the estimates will be. If my second hypothesis is correct the inter-quartile range should be larger for year 7 students and should be slightly smaller for year 9 students but year 11 students should have the smallest inter-quartile range. Under the cumulative frequency graphs I will draw box and whisker charts these will give a better picture of the size of the upper and lower quartiles of the graph and will show more how consistent the estimates were. Standard deviation Year 7 line 3.54cm Year 9 line 1.72cm Year 11 line 0.71cm Year 7 angle 16.40? Year 9 angle 13.85? Year 11 angle 8.00? This proves my hypothesis correct that the higher the academic year the better the estimate. With standard deviation the closer to 1 the result is the less spread out the results and the more consistent they are, showing a more educated estimates in the higher years. The higher the year in both angle and line the standard deviation becomes closer to 1. Whilst investigating my first two hypothesis 1: I predict that if people are good at guessing the length of a line they will be good at guessing the degrees of an angle. 2: I predict that the higher the year the better the estimate. I noticed a difference in the results from different sets so I have prepared a new hypothesis 3: I predict that the higher the set the better the estimate of the length of a line and the degrees of an angle. To investigate this hypothesis I will work out the Mean median mode and range for set 1, 3 and 5 students in years 7, 9 and 11 I will then compare and draw conclusions from this information Set 1 Estimate of the line Estimate 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 16 16 18 18 20 Totals Frequency 5 9 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 Mid-interval value 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Frequency x mid-interval value 15 45 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 81 Mean = 4.76 Modal group = 4 6? Median is approximately 4.5 Range =2 8 Estimate of angle Estimate 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 90 90 100 Totals Frequency 1 4 3 9 0 0 0 0 0 17 Mid-interval value 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 Frequency x mid-interval value 15 100 105 405 0 0 0 0 0 625 Mean = 36.76 Modal group = 40 50? Median is approximately 40? Range = 10 50? Set 3 Estimate of line Estimate 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 16 16 18 18 20 Totals Frequency 0 13 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 19 Mid-interval value 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Frequency x mid-interval value 0 65 28 9 11 0 0 0 0 113 Mean = 5.95 Modal group = 2 4? Median is approximately 5.5 Range = 4 12 Estimate of angle Estimate 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 90 90 100 Totals Frequency 0 3 4 10 1 0 0 1 0 19 Mid-interval value 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 Frequency x mid-interval value 0 75 140 450 55 0 0 85 0 805 Mean = 42.37 Modal group = 40 50? Median is approximately 43? Range = 20 90? Set 5 Estimate of line Estimate 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 16 16 18 18 20 Totals Frequency 5 7 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 18 Mid-interval value 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Frequency x mid-interval value 15 35 0 54 0 0 0 0 0 104 Mean = 5.78 Modal group = 4 6? Median is approximately 5cm Range = 2 10cm Estimate of an angle Estimate 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 90 90 100 Totals Frequency 0 4 3 8 0 0 1 1 1 18 Mid-interval value 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 Frequency x mid-interval value 0 100 105 360 0 0 75 85 95 820 Mean = 45.56 Modal group = 40 50? Median is approximately 42? Range = 20 100? Conclusion Hypothesis 1 = I predict that if people are good at guessing the length of a line they will be good at guessing the degrees of an angle. Scatter graph from the scatter graph I found out that my hypothesis was nearly always correct I had 9 points of year 7 students that were good at estimating the line but not at estimating the angle (green area) so this proved my hypothesis wrong. 7 points on the graph were year 7 students that were good at estimating the angle but not the line (yellow area) this also proved my hypothesis wrong. There were 13 points in the pencil shaded area this meant that they were good at estimating the line and the angle. There were 5 points of year 7 students that were neither good at estimating the line or at estimating the angle this proved my hypothesis was right. 9 + 7 =16 this is how many points made my hypothesis wrong. 13 + 5 = 18 this is how many points of the year 7 estimate proved my hypothesis was correct. 52% of the year 7 points proved my hypothesis correct. Of the year 9 students there were no points on the graph that showed they were better at estimating the line than the angle. Although there were 4 points on the graph that showed year 9 students were better at estimating the angle than the line (yellow area). 16 points on the graph were that year 9 students estimated the line and the angle well (pencil shaded area). 6 points on the graph showed that they were neither good at estimating the line or the angle. 4 points proved hypothesis wrong. 16 + 6 = 22 this is how many points proved my hypothesis was correct. 81% of the points of year 9 students proved my hypothesis correct. Of the year 11 students there were 6 points on the graph that showed year 11 students were better at estimating the line than the angle (yellow shaded area). This proved my hypothesis wrong. There were no points in the yellow shaded area showing that they could estimate the angle better than the line. 2 points on the graph were neither good at estimating the line or the angle, although there were 17 points that were good at both hypothesis and line this proved my hypothesis correct. 6 points proved wrong, 2 + 17 = 19 proved hypothesis correct. 76% of the points on the graph proved my hypothesis correct Overall 76% + 81% + 52% = 209%/3 = 70% proved my hypothesis correct. I found out that year 9 students were better at estimating the angle that the line as there were no points that showed they were better at estimating the line. I found out that year 11 students were better at estimating the line as there were no points showing that they were better at estimating the angle. 5 points in year 7 were neither good at estimating the line or the angle, 6 points were good at neither in year 9 and 2 point6s were good at neither in year 11 this backs up my hypothesis that The higher the year the better the estimate. These results are not reliable because there were not even numbers of year 7,9 and 11 pupils and the points on the scatter graph may have been swayed if 2 or more members of the same year had guessed the same point because it was only marked once. Second hypothesis I predict that the higher the year the better the estimate. Cumulative frequency graphs Year 7 angle On the graph the median was 40? this was very close to the actual result although on the graph the inter-quartile range was 17.5? this shows the estimates were not very consistent you can see this better on the box and whisker chart underneath the boxes are fairly big. Year 7 line On the graph the median is 4.5 this is what the actual answer was although on the graph the inter-quartile range was 4.4cm this shows the estimates were not very constant. The boxes of the box and whisker chart are large. Year 9 line The median is 37.5 this is very close to the actual answer, the inter-quartile range is 15? this shows that the estimates are more consistent than the year 7 estimates this backs up my hypothesis the higher the year the better the estimate. Year 9 angle The median on this graph is 4.75cm this is very close to the actual but not as close as year 7 estimates as that was exactly on 4.5cm this proves my hypothesis wrong. The inter-quartile range was 3cm this is smaller that on the year 7 cumulative frequency graph, the boxes on the box and whisker chart are smaller than on the year 7 graph this shows that the estimates were more consistent which proves my hypothesis correct. Year 11 line The median is 40? this is the same as year 7 median but not as close as the year 9 median so this proves my hypothesis wrong. The inter-quartile range is 11.25? this is smaller than all the other inter-quartile ranges which proves my hypothesis is correct. Year 11 angle The median is 4.75cm this is the same as year 9 but not close as year 7 this proves my hypothesis wrong this may be because the estimates were very consistent but just scattered closely around the actual result. The inter-quartile range is 1cm this is very consistent and proves that my hypothesis was correct. The boxes on the box and whisker chart were very closer together by looking at this you can see how consistent the estimates were. I predict that the higher the year the better the estimate. I investigated the means of years 7,9 and 11s estimates of the line and angle Year of mean Mean of line (cm) Mean of angle (?) 7 5.70 42.61 9 5.50 44.25 11 4.94 38.53 The actual size of the line was 4.5cm so as the higher the year the better the estimate of the line this proves my hypothesis. The actual size of the angle was 38? so Year 11 students were better at estimating the angle although the year 7 mean was better than the year9 mean this proves my hypothesis wrong this may have been because we did not use a large enough sample, or because the mean was found from a frequency table which is only an estimate because we dont actually know the exact values of all the estimates from this. I also investigated the modal group to see if most the estimates were made in the correct group. Year Modal group (line) Modal group (angle) 7 2 4? 30 40? and 40 50? 9 4 6? 40 50? 11 4 6? 40 50? Year 7 was the only year that the modal group of the line that actually contained the correct answer. I found two modal groups for year 7 one of them contained the correct answer and years 9 and 11 modal groups both contained the correct answer this did not prove my hypothesis. I investigated the median to see if it got closer to the correct number the higher the year. Year Median (line) Median (angle) 7 5 38 9 5 43 11 4.5 40 Year 7 estimated the median exactly correct for the angle. The estimate of the line got better the higher the year although year 7 and 9 were the same. I investigated the range to see if the estimates became any more consistent as the year got higher. Year Range (line) Range (angle) 7 18 90 9 8 80 11 6 40 The consistency did become better as the year got higher This proves that my hypothesis was correct The higher the year the better the estimate. Not all these tables prove my hypothesis correct especially year 9 proved it wrong this may have been because we might of asked a lot of lower set year 9s due to systematic sampling so I will investigate the effect of the set on the estimate. I investigated the means of sets 1,3 and 5 estimates of the line and angle Set of mean Mean of line (cm) Mean of angle (?) 1 4.76 36.76 3 5.95 42.37 5 5.78 45.56 Set 1 is the best set and set 5 is the worst out of the three sets we have investigated. The actual size of the line was 4.5cm so as the better the set the better the estimate of the line apart from set 5 has a better mean than set 3 this proves my hypothesis wrong. The actual size of the angle was 38? so The higher the set the better the estimate this proves my hypothesis correct. I also investigated the modal group to see if most the estimates were made in the correct group. Set Modal group (line) Modal group (angle) 1 ;4 6? ;40 50? 3 ;2 4? ;40 50? 5 ;4 6? ;40 50? Set 1 and set 5 had the correct modal group but set 3 had the modal group too low. All the sets had the modal group for the angle too high as the correct answer would have been ;30 40? this has no effect on my hypothesis. I investigated the median to see if it got closer to the correct number the higher the year. Set Median (line) Median (angle) 1 4.5 40 3 5.5 43 5 5 42 Set one median of the line was exactly correct this helps prove my hypothesis correct. Set 5 median of the line was closer to the actual than set 3 I have found that set 5 are better at estimating the line than set 3. Again set 1 was closer to the actual but then set 5 was second best with set three being the worst. I investigated the range to see if the estimates became any more consistent as the year got higher. Set Range (line) Range (angle) 1 6 40 3 8 70 5 8 80 The range was smallest for set one this proves that my hypothesis was correct because the estimates were more consistent. The range of the angle proves my hypothesis was correct, as it is smaller for set 3 than it is for set 5. The range of the line for set 3 and 5 are the same this does not prove that my hypothesis was correct or wrong. I found out that set 5 students were better at estimating the line than set 3 students other than that my hypothesis was correct.